Participants were asked to rate how much they agreed that the survey statements qualified as hate speech. All categories were randomized, with one survey item missing within the controversial statement category. There was over twice as strong an agreement that right-wing aggressive/discriminatory statements qualified as hate speech among participants (64.1%) compared to that of left-wing discriminatory items (27.2%). Controversial statements were rated twice as high as hate speech when falling into the right-wing category (20%) compared to left-wing controversial statements (10.3%). Results suggest that discriminatory and aggressive statements are not as readily identified as such when aligned with left-wing politics.

Right-Wing Aggressive/ Discriminatory Statements:

Left-Wing Aggressive/ Discriminatory Statements:

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Right-Wing Controversial Statements:

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Left-Wing Controversial Statements:

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